Gender en seksuele geaardheid in de wereldgeschiedenis
Beste lezer,
Op 4 April 2022 is mijn blog verhuisd naar een nieuwe host. Hier en daar is wat content verloren gegaan en ik ben hard aan het werk om alles weer leesbaar en toonbaar te maken. Dit blog wordt veel gelezen en zal als een van de eerste artikelen worden nagelopen en opgeknapt.
Op dit moment kun je wel video’s van ervaringsdeskundigen kijken, maar de links naar wetenschappelijke artikelen en de afbeeldingen missen nog. Binnenkort is het blog weer compleet en prettig leesbaar. Excuses voor het ongemak.
Alexandra
Sinds ongeveer 15 jaar houd ik me bezig met de wereldgeschiedenis en de koloniale geschiedenis op het gebied van genderbeleving en seksuele geaardheid. Voor het koloniale tijdperk was er wereldwijd sprake van zeer uiteenlopende diversiteit.
Af en toe schreef ik een blog over dit onderwerp en kreeg uiteenlopende reacties. Ze varieerden van: we willen hier dolgraag voorlichting over geven, maar we hebben de deskundigen niet in huis (het COC) tot: dit is propaganda, onderdeel van een agenda om de wereld op het verkeerde spoor te zetten. (conspiracy denkers)
Dit is een complex onderwerp
Er zijn mensen die er om politieke of religieuze redenen tegen ageren.
Er zijn mensen die het onderwerp romantiseren of seksualiseren.
De meeste mensen vergelijken dit onderwerp eerst met het moderne LGBTQI+ leven, dat in deze tijd vooral een privé aangelegenheid is.
Een goed beeld van dit onderwerp kun je pas vormen als je je verdiept, want het gaat in veel culturen over zoveel meer. Het gaat over maatschappelijke rollen, spirituele rollen, werkzaamheden en verantwoordelijkheden, symboliek en rituelen en uiteraard liefde, relaties en seksualiteit.
(Hier missen links naar traditionele benamingen en culturele gebruiken uit Polynesië en Noord Amerika)
Elke cultuur gaf op een andere manier vorm aan de samenleving en de gebruiken. Het is dus belangrijk om zichtbaar te maken dat elke cultuur een eigen verhaal heeft. Dit is een complex onderwerp dat zorgvuldige uitleg verdient. Daarom doe ik alleen met dit onderwerp wat ik het allerliefste doe:
- Video’s: Ik geef de mensen uit de diverse culturen de ruimte om hun eigen verhaal te vertellen.
- Links: Je vindt hier links naar deskundige informatie van wetenschappers en experts met roots in de betreffende culturen.Dit onderwerp kun je niet even scannen. Hier moet je echt voor gaan zitten. In elke video, en achter elke link vind je een inzichtgevend persoonlijk verhaal en/of expertise over de wereldgeschiedenis op het gebied van seksuele geaardheid en gender identiteit.
(Hier missen links naar traditionele benamingen en culturele gebruiken uit Noord Amerika)
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(Hier missen links naar traditionele benamingen en culturele gebruiken uit nieuw zeeland)
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Pre-colonial attitudes to sex and gender fluidity | On the Rag: Sex positivity
In the latest episode of On the Rag, Leonie talks to Takatāpuhi activist Elizabeth Kerekere about pre-colonial attitudes to sex and gender fluidity.
On the Rag is made with the support of NZ On Air.
For more from On the Rag: https://thespinoff.co.nz/tag/on-the-rag/
#OntheRag #Feminism #SexPositivity -
Decolonising gender and sexuality in Wellington city
"Te Whanganui-a-Tara, political hub of Aotearoa and a city that carries the rep of being home to individuals all free to express themselves. This was the city I chose to move to when I left my small town home for university. I loved the arts and the creative scene, I loved that people could walk down the street dressed how they like and the only people who would stare are the out-of-towners. But surely it has not always been like this?
Building on the themes explored in episode 3 of He Kākano Ahau, I wanted to get out and about to learn about some of the stories of early Wellington that make it what it is today. At the heart, a history of Māori drag queens like the iconic Carmen Rupe and the community she wrapped around her in the central city. In this video, I’m exploring Māoritanga and the nooks of the city that allow it to thrive."
Listen to the He Kākano Ahau podcast episode here: https://www.renews.co.nz/to-be-maori-is-to-be-everything-you-could-possibly-be/
Made with support from RNZ and NZ on Air -
Takatāpui - More Than Four
InsideOUT Links:
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Feeling generous?
https://givealittle.co.nz/org/insideout -
Tū Mai Takatāpui
Tū Mai Takatāpui has been designed to help whānau understand and support their loved ones who are coming to terms with their sexuality or gender identity. This resource highlights the strength of support networks available to takatapui and provides valuable information on coming out and keeping our people safe. -
Ahakoa Te Aha Kapa Haka Group
Any week on a Tuesday night at an Auckland marae you'll hear the members of the Takatapui community singing for their dead transgender sister Natasha. Ahakoa Te Aha is a community kapa haka group in Auckland and member join because they're either part of the queer community or they're friends of it.
Features producer: David Steemson
Visual Journalist: Claire Eastham-Farrelly -
What is Takatāpui? | Māori LGBTQ
For Maori who don't fit neatly into carefully constructed moulds of gender and sexuality the term takatāpui can be a relief. Full story: https://goo.gl/FZgxJ5
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(Hier missen links naar traditionele benamingen en culturele gebruiken uit Polynesië)
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The Meaning of Mahu
A scene from the PBS documentary KUMU HINA. Mahu is the Hawaiian term for people who embody both male and female spirit. Watch the complete film on Netflix, iTunes, or many other platforms. http://KumuHuna.com -
A Cultural Understanding of Māhū | Aloha Authentic Ep 111
In this episode of Aloha Authentic, host Kamaka Pili sits down with Kumu Hina and Lina Robins-Tamure, to talk about the true meaning of Māhū. Learn the cultural perspective of homosexuality in Hawaiʻi, hear powerful stories of acceptance, and answering user-submitted questions from social media. -
2021 PBS Short Film Festival | Kapaemahu | PBS
Long ago, four extraordinary beings of dual male and female spirit brought the healing arts from Tahiti to Hawaii and imbued their powers in four giant boulders. The stones still stand on Waikiki Beach, but the true story behind them has been hidden—until now. #PBSFilmFest pbs.org/filmfestival
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"A Place in the Middle:" Hawaii's Transgender Curriculum
http://aplaceinthemiddle.org/
A PLACE IN THE MIDDLE is the true story of a young girl in Hawaiʻi who dreams of leading the boys-only hula group at her school, and a teacher who empowers her through traditional culture. -
KAPAEMAHU Trailer
Trailer for the animated short film Kapaemahu, which reveals the healing power of four mysterious stones on Waikiki Beach – and the legendary transgender spirits within them.
http://kapaemahu.com -
Fa'afafine Documentary
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Māhu: Transgender Healers of Hawai'i, with Patrick Makuakāne
Centuries ago, 4 renowned healers traveled to Hawaiʻi and were beloved by the people for their miraculous cures and embracing nature. History tells us these gifted individuals were Māhū (transgender). Their gender identity was often hidden, but today we are making a concerted effort to truthfully share their beautiful story. Hear the story of the Māhū from San Francisco-based kumu hula Patrick Makuakāne, as well as an original chant he has written in their honor.
This story is part of ACTA’s ongoing Queering California Traditions series, which features voices from queer traditional artists across the state. -
Kumu Hina: In Performance
KUMU HINA is a powerful feature documentary about the struggle to maintain Pacific Islander culture and values within the Westernized society of modern day Hawaiʻi. It is told through the lens of an extraordinary Native Hawaiian who is both a proud and confident māhū, or transgender woman, and an honored and respected kumu, or teacher, cultural practitioner, and community leader. Following a screening of the film at the Ford Foundation on Dec. 10, 2014, the documentary's subject gave a memorable performance.
(Hier missen links naar traditionele benamingen en culturele gebruiken uit Canada en Alaska)
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Ma-Nee Chacaby talks about Two Spirit identities
Author and Indigenous elder Ma-Nee Chacaby talks about Two Spirit identities. -
Regalia: Pride in Two Spirits
Duane Stewart-Grant, who is from X̌àʼislakʼala (Haisla) and nuučaan̓uł (Nuu-chah-nulth) First Nations in Canada explores his identity as someone who is “Two Spirited” - a queer, indigenous identity. He talks about how before the colonial era, First Nations people revered the “Two Spirit” identity, as they were viewed as embodying both the female and male spirits.
In Regalia: Pride in Two Spirits Duane also shares the importance of reclaiming his culture, in the context of the Canadian Residential School System. Duane shares how in his community, much of their culture and language was lost because during the Residential School era, Indigenous language and culture was made illegal. Learning language and culture for him now, has been pivotal in his own identity as a queer First Nations person.
Duane is now an apprentice with Mike Dangeli, a renown Nisg̱a’a (Nisga’a) artist in Vancouver. Regalia: Pride in Two Spirits captures Mike mentoring Duane in traditional carving practices, as well as a dance performance at the Vancouver Aboriginal Friendship Centre
The film revolves around Duane’s ‘Regalia’ that he wears for ceremony and dance, and how his pride in his queer identity and his culture is embodied in his Regalia.
Love Intersections is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. -
Two Spirits, One Voice
Two Spirits, One Voice is a community-based initiative that seeks
to bolster supports for persons that identify both as LGBTQ and Indigenous –Two Spirit people. Funded through the Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services, this programs with works with educators, healthcare workers, law enforcement and other community service providers to ensure that all services within a community are equipped to provide inclusive and cultural aware services with regards to gender and sexuality.
Learn more at www.egale.ca/2S -
UAF - 2018 - Two spirit youth in Alaska Native communities
First broadcast via Periscope. Maureen Hogan with the UAF Department of Education talks about her work with LGBTQ members of the Alaska Native communities that identify as two-spirit youth - a re-embracing of a concept that dates back before the colonization of North America by Europeans. -
Two Soft Things, Two Hard Things | Official Trailer
2016, Documentary, Canada, English/Inuktitut, 71 minutes
Dir: Mark Kenneth Woods and Michael Yerxa
As a small group in Nunavut, Canada prepare for a seminal LGBT Pride celebration in the Arctic, the film explores how colonization and religion have shamed and erased traditional Inuit beliefs about sexuality and family structure and how, 60 years later, a new generation of Inuit are actively 'unshaming' their past. www.twosofttwohard.com
(Hier missen links naar traditionele benamingen en culturele gebruiken uit Scandinavie)
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Queering Sápmi - Sami stories beyond the norm
www.queeringsapmi.com
facebook.com/qsapmi
Made by Bautafilm. -
Sápmi Pride Gironis
Máilmmi vuosttáš sámi Pridefestivála lei Gironis 2014, ja Márkomáilbmi lei maid doppe. 🙂
Världens första samiska Pridefestival var i Kiruna 2014 och Márkomáilbmi var också där. 🙂 -
Queering sápmi: Ett arvfondsprojekt
Den Allmänna arvfondens projekt är bra märkliga. Satt imorse och kikade igenom projekt som beviljats i Västerbotten, bara på intresse.
Såg avslöjandet i SVT kring medlen som gick till den klankultursanklagade somaliska föreningen.
Hittade en rad olika knäppa projekt, och ytterst måste man fråga ifall de avlidna verkligen önskat att ens medel från deras livsverke skulle användas till dem.
(Hier missen links naar traditionele benamingen en culturele gebruiken uit Indonesië)
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Five Genders? | National Geographic
Through many options for gender expression, including recognizing five genders, this Indonesian community finds balance and peace and prays to share this with the world.
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National Geographic is the world's premium destination for science, exploration, and adventure. Through their world-class scientists, photographers, journalists, and filmmakers, Nat Geo gets you closer to the stories that matter and past the edge of what's possible.
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Taboo: Third Sex : http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/taboo/3610/Overview/?source=4003
Five Genders? | National Geographic
https://youtu.be/K9VmLJ3niVo
National Geographic
https://www.youtube.com/natgeo -
Trailer CALALAI IN-BETWEENNESS
"A story about the existence of women of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, living in Bugis culture in the midst of modern world ruled by binary system.
For centuries Bugis people have accepted gender diversity as implicitly written in La Galigo manuscript, where they believe that humans consist of five genders, and one of them is calalai.
Who is calalai?"
***
"Kisah tentang eksistensi perempuan-perempuan di Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia yang hidup dengan budaya Bugis di tengah perkembangan dunia yang moderen namun didominasi oleh sistem yang biner.
Sejak berabad-abad lalu masyarakat Bugis telah mengenal adanya keberagaman gender dengan tersiratnya dalam naskah I Lagaligo, yang menyatakan bahwa manusia terdiri dari lima gender dan salah satunya adalah Calalai. Siapakah sesungguhnya Calalai?" -
The Last Bissu: Sacred Transvestites of Sulawesi
A High Priest determined not to be the last Bissu and a child possessed by the spirits of the past. A poignant portrait of a centuries old tradition struggling to live into the 21st Century. Bissu are priest of the pre-Islamic religion of the Bugis people of South Sulawesi, Indonesia; they are believed to be messengers of god. As no one know if god is male or female, they must be both. The earliest mention of the Bissu appears in their sacred text entitles Sureq Galigo or the Galigo Manuscripts, first committed to text in the 15th Century but chanted orally for unknown centuries earlier. This film was shot on location from 1999 to 2001. -
Bugis!
Buginese society recognize five gender system (Hariyono & Suryaman, 2019; Al-Jum’ah & Suprihatin,2019). With a different role, namely oroane (male), makkunrai (female), calalai (women with roles and functions of men), calabai (men with the role and function of women), and bissu blend women and men in one body (Nurohim, 2018; Imran, 2019). Let's meet them! -
BISSU BUGIS The Saint Of Bugis Trailer
Bissu Bugis Bugis minister of religion is ancient, pre-Islamic. Chairman of the Bissu is a man who was given the title Puang Matowa he is a feminine figure, Bissu generally are women and among the high nobility daughter. The word itself comes word Bissu Bessi in Bugis language that means clean. They called Bissu because it does not bleed, the sacred is not dirty and does not menstruate. Bissu as pastors of men and women Calabai. The Bissu in Bugis land has existed since hundreds of years ago. I La Galigo manuscript reveal much about where Bissu in Bugis culture, supposedly as a companion and complement to the arrival of the main characters from the sky.
Diverse culturen
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She is My Son: Afghanistan's Bacha Posh, When Girls Become Boys
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In patriarchal Afghanistan, women’s rights are severely restricted. Female family members are expected to stay at home and take care of the children. They have little access to education, and are discouraged from getting a job. It’s a society that condemns women who play sports, and even leaving the house without a male relative by her side can land a woman in hot water. To take part in some of the most mundane activities, women still often need permission from a male or to be supervised. This is why, in families where men are in short supply, parents sometimes appoint one of their daughters to play the male role.
The practice is called Bacha Posh, which literally means “dressed up as a boy”. Girls in this role wear boys’ clothes, have close-cropped hair and answer to a boy’s name in the street. They get the freedoms that men in Afghan society enjoy at the price of their true identity. As they grow up, however, most go back to behaving like women again: they get married and must comply with the traditional restrictions women face.
For girls who have tasted freedom while posing as boys, it is particularly difficult to readjust to the behaviour expected of Afghan women. For this reason, some girls decide against going back to following female rules, preferring to remain Bacha Posh instead. RT Doc met some of the Bacha Posh of Afghanistan, and they all had very different stories to tell. Amena’s parents decided that she would be the boy in the family. She doesn’t enjoy her status but has to help her father with his work. Fazilya has been raised as a boy since birth and knows no different, while Asiya consciously chose the male role to gain more freedom. To hear more of the stories Afghanistan’s pretend boys have to tell, watch the full documentary.
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Homosexuality from ancient to modern China
The Chinese history of homosexuality has undergone a dramatic trajectory. In contemporary China, homosexuality wasn't decriminalized until 1997. And in 2001, it was removed from being listed as a mental disease. But for centuries, China was more tolerant of same-sex love than nearly any other society, rivalled perhaps only by ancient Greece and Rome, according to Richard Burger, author of "Behind the Red Door: Sex in China." However, he says the same-sex behavior in ancient China differs from the modern understanding of homosexuality.
In de Nederlandse media
Het online magazine Oneworld.nl besteedde de afgelopen jaren diverse keren aandacht aan dit onderwerp.
Dino Suhonic schrijft voor Nieuwwij.nl. Dino is queer moslim en publiceert over diverse gender-gerelateerde vraagstukken.
